Detection of perimacular red dots and blots when screening for diabetic retinopathy: Refer or not refer?

Pediatric Testicular Microlithiasis: To Refer or Not to Refer?

[Bleomycin, when miligrams do not refer to weight].

Red eye for the internist: when to treat, when to refer.

When a patient presents with redness in the eye, the cause needs to be diagnosed quickly. Some of the diseases that cause redness in the eye can be initially managed by an internist, but others call for quick referral to an ophthalmologist. This article reviews the spectrum of conditions manifesting as a red eye, emphasizing how to differentiate between the benign and the vision-threatening.

The cardiac murmur. When to refer?

This review article outlines the significance and defines the skills important for the diagnosis and recognition of common innocent cardiac murmurs in childhood. The origin of heart sounds and murmurs is reviewed, and an approach to pediatric murmur evaluation is presented. The seven innocent murmurs of childhood and adolescence are reviewed in detail. Further diagnostic evaluation and referral...

Red eye for the internist : When to treat , when to refer REVIEW ■

Because it is difficult to distinguish between infectious and noninfectious conditions, and because treating infections with corticosteroids alone can have grave consequences, we recommend that internists generally not use topical corticosteroids to treat eye symptoms. ANY PATIENTS present to internists because of redness in the eye. The possible causes range from benign (which generally can be...